It is time to get virtual : limitations of shared e-scooter mobility points, case study in Cracow (Poland)

Underpinned by the shift towards implementing solutions supporting sustainable mobility, shared e-scooter services are evergreen in many urban areas worldwide. However, their growing use leads to new challenges connected with their operation in the urban space. This article showcases instruments called mobility points, designated to define, and improve parking practices of shared e-scooters. To evaluate the potential of mobility points fieldwork was conducted into the vectorization of shared e-scooters’ operational zones and mobility points in Cracow. The study proves that the mobility points’ visual and technical organization is adequate and thought-out in ways based on functions of the areas they are placed in. However, due to insufficient cooperation between the private and public sectors that would ensure the mobility points are virtually implemented into the service operation, the mobility points’ potential to solve parking issues is low. This calls into question their role in the sustainable mobility agenda.