THE EVOLUTION OF COSMOPOLITAN ATTITUDES IN POLISH MUSICAL CULTURE OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Changing meanings and evaluation of such concepts as cosmopolitanism and universalism, important for Polish musical culture, are the main subjects of the article. Cosmopolitanism evolved in eminent Positivist writers' thought of last decades of the19th century from a pejoratively defined notion to the expression of equality of all nations, universalism became a counterweight of nationalistic complexes and particularisms. Development of a culture could be interpreted as a complementary chain of domination of one of the two key tendencies: nationalism and 'supranationalism'. Polish authors from the beginning of the 20th century contributed to this issue in a significant way. The place of these notions is also discussed in the context of Poland's peculiar geopolitical situation of the time and its result for the investigated concepts; in the 19th century the idea of 'real' West, which made the creators and observers of the development of Polish culture favor 'limited universalism', did not include the states participating in the partitions of Poland: Russia and Prussia. The authoress analyzes the changes in this approach after 1900.