The role of formal and informal communication in shaping superior-subordinate relationships

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to analyze the functioning of two primary forms of communication - formal and informal - in modern organizations, specifically in the context of superior-subordinate relationships. Design/Methodology/Approach: The results presented in the article are based on qualitative research conducted by the authors (10 problem-focused questions with 81 respondents). The aim was to obtain a comprehensive picture of the formal and informal communication processes occurring between superiors and subordinates and to categorize the fundamental components of these processes. Findings: The research indicates that traditional, one-way communication schemes are no longer used in modern organizations. Formal communication from superiors is typically supported by informal messages, which serve either as preparation for a formal message or as a follow-up to supplement the formal message. Research Limitations/Implications: Based on the categories of communication processes identified in the article, it would be desirable to conduct quantitative studies to determine the scale and frequency of the communication processes identified in the qualitative research. Social and Practical Implications: The content of the article informs managers and the institutions that train them of the need to change their approach to communication between managers and subordinates. It is essential to move away from viewing informal communication primarily as dysfunctional and to recognize its role and significance in the processes of conveying and interpreting formal messages. Originality/Value: The article highlights new trends in communication processes between superiors and subordinates, redefines the role of informal communication, and outlines a range of possible schemes for integrating informal and formal communication in superior-subordinate relationships.