Philosophical Foundations of Leadership: Maimonides, Spinoza, and Greenleaf through the Popperian Lens

This study investigates three distinct leadership paradigms—Maimonides's flexible leadership (MFL), Spinoza's affective leadership (SAL), and Greenleaf's servant lead- ership (SL)—within the philosophical framework of Karl Popper. Through an interdis- ciplinary approach, it uncovers the intricate interplay between these styles and founda- tional philosophical principles, particularly those of Socratic and Platonic origins. Em- phasizing the socio-cultural contexts that shape each style, the analysis discerns how MFL leans towards Platonic hierarchy, while SAL and SL resonate more with Socratic ideals of dialogue and trust. Beyond theoretical exploration, the article offers practical insights tailored for management organizations, empowering them to enhance leader- ship effectiveness, navigate ethical dilemmas, and align with core values. Ultimately, this research aims to equip organizations with the tools needed to thrive in diverse con- texts and navigate the evolving landscape of leadership dynamics.