THE TUDE PARTY IN IRANIAN POLITICS. HISTORY OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE PARTY OF THE MASS FROM ITS BIRTH TO ISLAMIC REVOLUTION (1941-1979).

Marxist ideology found its way to Iran in the period of historical transformation of the Iranian society from feudalism to capitalism, which took place during the late 19th and the early 20th century. The Intensive development of the Iranian parties and political system has originated from the constitutional movement (1905). From that time we have been watching birth, rise and also decline of new parties and organisations inside the Iranian political area. One of the most important, the most influential and also the largest party among the left-wing groups as well as within the whole Iranian political system was the Party of the Masses (Hezb-e Tude). Founded in September 1941, by Irağ Eskandari and his closest friends, who adhered to the communist ideology, has constituted a form of a Marxist-Leninist party appealing to the broad masses. Therefore, while the Tude would depict itself as the rightful heir to the Iranian Communist Party and the Group of Fifty-three, the fact suggest that initially the party was not founded as a group with the main goal of establishing a socialist state, but was created as a united front for anti-fascist activities and for the support of constitutional rule. From 1941 to 1953 the Tude Party changed its form from a relatively inexperienced collection of intellectuals to an extensive mass party and a significant force, which had a material impact on the political situation. With close ties to the Soviet Union, the Party became a major political actor with formal links to the labour confederation, one of the largest in Asia. The main objective of this dissertation is to introduce the role and history of the Tude Party and present its activities during the period from its birth in 1941 to the Islamic revolution in 1979. The author tries to show the essential and real meaning of this group for political situation in Iran at the time of Pahlavi’s. What is more, she makes an attempt to classify the discussed party to a category of opposition type of political organisations, using theories written by Juan Linz, Alfred Stepen or Vladimir Kusin. It should be stressed that this is first written in Polish language dissertation, which presents history and shows political program of the Tude Party. The study was conducted using such sources as Persian documents, for example the Political Program of Tude Party, from its second congress and main Persian, English and Polish specialists' book positions, which are described in detail in the bibliography of this master’s thesis.

Głównym celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie historii Partii Tude oraz zaprezentowanie jej aktywności w okresie od jej powstania, w roku 1941 do wydarzeń islamskiej rewolucji roku 1979. Autorka stara się ukazać istotę znaczenia tego ugrupowanie i jego wpływ na sytuację polityczną Iranu okresu Pahlavich. Podejmuje ona także próbę klasyfikacji omawianego stronnictwa w obrębie teorii opozycji politycznej takich autorów jak Juan Linz, Alfred Stepen czy Vladimir Kusin. Dodatkow prezentuje także genezę powstania ugrupowania i zarys historii wcześniejszych ruchów lewicowych w Iranie,których początek datuje się na pierwszą dekadę XX wieku, nakreślając działalność takich grup jak Partia Socjaldemokratyczna (Hezb-e Eğtema’iyun-e Ammiyun) czy Komunistyczna Partia Iranu (Hezb-e Komunist-e Irān). Wartym podkreślenia jest fakt, iż praca jest pierwszym w języku polskim opracowaniem prezentującym historię i program polityczny Partii Tude. Badania oparte zostały o takie źródła jak dokumenty w języku perskim, między innymi program polityczny partii z jej drugiego kongresu, oraz specjalistyczną literaturę tego zakresu tematycznego, zaprezentowaną szczegółowo w bibliografii pracy.