Comparative evaluation of single and combined efficacy of dipyridamole, ketotifen and quercetin on cyclosporine induced hepatorenal toxicity

Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressive drug that is used to prevent tissue rejection in organ transplants and to treat autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. It has important toxic effects in many organs such as the liver and kidney. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the effectiveness of the single and combined treatment of dipyridamole, which is a vasodilator and has an antioxidant effect, ketotifen which is toll-like receptor-4 inhibitory and has an antioxidant effect, quercetin which is an antioxidant and has an anti-inflammatory effect in cyclosporine-induced hepatorenal toxicity. Forty-eight Wistar Albino rats were divided into 7 groups. The research period was 21 days. The cyclosporine increased serum ALT and AST levels, in contrast to their increased levels prevented by all the treatments. The serum creatinine level decreased significantly with ketotifen and combined treatment, while cyclosporine partially increased serum creatinine and urea levels. The urine icroalbumin and protein levels were increased significantly by cyclosporine, whereas they decreased with dipyridamole treatment. The protein levels decreased by quercetin and combined treatments. The kidney injury molecule-1 and retinol-binding protein levels were increased by the cyclosporine, while ketotifen treatment partially decreased them. In conclusion, ketotifen and dipyridamole can prevent cyclosporine-induced hepatorenal toxicity and quercetin can increase the effectiveness of this treatment.