Reproduction of the least weasel in captivity: basic observations and the influence of food availability

The least weasel Mustela nivalis nivalis Linnaeus, 1766 is unique among carnivores because of its small body size and capacity for fast reproduction. It has been suggested to be the main agent for maintaining cyclic fluctuations in northern vole populations, largely based on its high reproductive potential and dependence on small rodents. This study describes basic reproductive data on the least weasel obtained during a captive breeding program. In the experiments, food availability was manipulated at the onset of breeding. Altogether, 65 litters were born during the 5-year study. The mean litter size was 5.1 (in 53 litters of known litter size), the most common litter size being six. The sex ratio of weaned young was not biased from 1:1. The median date of birth was June 4. Food manipulations did not affect mating frequency suggesting that the observation of failure in breeding in years of low abundance of small mammals is due to mortality of embryos or young before weaning, but not due to avoidance of breeding at low food availability. In this respect, weasels differ from other main vole predators, owls and raptors, which often skip breeding if small mammals are scarce.