Callus induction and gametophyte regeneration in moss cultures

Callus induction was achieved from the protonema, whole gametophyte and gametophyte shoot cells in Atrichum undulatum, Bryum caespiticium and Polytrichum commune on modified MS medium containing 4% (w/v) glucose as the carbon source, MS + 4% (w/v) glucose + 1 mg/l 2,4-D + 1 mg/l kinetin, and on MS mineral salts with 10% (v/v) coconut milk. All cultures except cultures containing coconut milk were maintained in the light. Regeneration of gametophytes in A. undulatum, B. caespiticium, Plagiomnium affine and P. commune from protonemata, protonemata with abnormal buds, whole gametophytes, shoots of gametophytes and callus was observed on MS mineral salts, Knudson mineral medium, regular MS and Knudson media. Restored gametophytes were also obtained on MS mineral medium containing 10% (v/v) coconut milk from calluses or callus-type protonema. All cultures were maintained in the light.