Application of the ensemble nonequilibrium response spectroscopy to shaker potassium channel gating

Standard electrophysiology techniques study relaxation transients in voltage-gated ion channels generated by discrete voltage steps. The nonequilibrium response spectroscopy involves analyzing responses to fluctuating potentials. We apply the ensemble NRS method to gating kinetics of Shaker potassium ion channels. We evaluate various proposed Markov models of channel gating from the nonequilibrium response viewpoint. These new NRS protocols can be used to test otherwise indistinguishable models or improve estimates for parameters of channel kinetics models.