Deep Learning in Military Applications: Threats and Opportunities

The latest advancements in Artificial Intelligence, especially in Deep Learning technology, accelerate innovation and development in different application domains. The development of Deep Learning technology has profoundly impacted military development trends, leading to major changes in the forms and models of war. In this paper, we overview Deep Learning’s history and architecture. Then, we review related work and extensively describe Deep Learning in two primary military applications: intelligence operations and autonomous platforms. Finally, we discuss related threats, opportunities, technical and practical difficulties. The main findings are that Artificial Intelligence technology is not omnipotent and needs to be applied carefully, considering its limitations, cybersecurity threats and a strong need for human supervision in the OODA decision loop. Certain safeguard mechanisms are required at the strategic decision-making level. In this context, one of the most important aspects relates to the education, training and selection of military officer personnel.

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Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa nr POPUL/SP/0154/2024/02 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki II" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki (2025).