Green Chemistry Biosynthesis of Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles as Antibacterial Waste Microorganisms in Waters

Calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles have garnered significant interest in various environmental applications, particularly in water treatment and the control of microbial pollution. This research introduces innovative strategies for water management and waste treatment through the application of advanced technology grounded in nanoscience, utilizing local resources. The primary objective of this study is to synthesize CaO nanoparticles via a green chemistry method, employing a bioreductant derived from the Bitti (Vitex cofassus) plant extract. This green chemistry approach is not only environmentally benign but also effective in producing stable nanoparticles with controlled dimensions. Characterization of the nanoparticles was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to ascertain their crystal structure, morphology, and particle size. The results indicated that the calcium oxide nanoparticles exhibit a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal phase, irregular surface morphology, and a spherical shape, with an average particle size of 24.87 nm. The antibacterial efficacy of calcium oxide nanoparticles was evaluated against Escherichia coli, with variations in nanoparticle concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5%, resulting in average inhibition zone diameters of 9.59 mm, 10.78 mm, and 11.78 mm, respectively. The positive control (Chloramphenicol) demonstrated an inhibition zone of 12.65 mm, while the negative control (sterile water) showed no inhibition (0 mm). Similarly, for Staphylococcus aureus, the inhibition zone diameters with nanoparticle concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% were 10.26 mm, 11.15 mm, and 14.15 mm, respectively, with the positive control exhibiting an inhibition zone of 12.82 mm and the negative control showing no inhibition (0 mm). The CaO nanoparticles demonstrated greater efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus compared to Escherichia coli, exhibiting the capability to inhibit and eliminate both bacterial strains. The application of these nanoparticles as antibacterial agents presents a promising approach to effectively mitigate microbial waste in aquatic environments, suggesting their potential use as a solution for environmentally friendly microbial waste treatment.