Preserving λ-scrambling Matrices

The notion of scrambling index was firstly introduced by Akelbek and Kirkland in 2009. For a primitive digraph D, it is defined as the smallest positive integer k such that for every pair of vertices u and v of D there exist two directed paths of lengths k to a common vertex w. This notion turned out to be useful for several applications, e. g., to estimate eigenvalues of non-negative primitive stochastic matrices. In 2010 Huang and Liu with the background of a memoryless communication system generalized this notion to λ-tuples of vertices and named it λ-th upper scrambling index. These notions can be reformulated in terms of matrix theory. A standard way to generate matrices with the given λ-th upper scrambling index is to apply certain matrix transformations that preserve this index to the existing examples of matrices with known λ-th upper scrambling index. In this paper we completely characterize bijective linear maps preserving λ-th upper scrambling index 1 or 0.