Tytuł pozycji:
Bioakumulacja metali ciężkich w różnych gatunkach roślin
Do najważniejszych czynników wpływających na przyswajalność metali ciężkich przez rośliny należą: całkowita zawartość metalu w glebie, rodzaj metalu, odczyn gleby, zawartość substancji organicznej i frakcji ilastej oraz gatunek rośliny. Przeprowadzone doświadczenie wazonowe z czterema roślinami przy zastosowaniu zróżnicowanego nawożenia wykazało, że pobieranie metali ciężkich zależy przede wszystkim od gatunku rośliny, również w dużym stopniu od nawożenia. Spośród zastosowanych w doświadczeniu wazonowym rodzajów nawożenia najwyższe efekty ograniczenia fitoprzyswajalności metali otrzymano w przypadku nawożenia Rekulterem w dawkach 100 i 150 t/ha. Otrzymane wyniki badań pozwalają stwierdzić, że odpowiedni dobór roślin oraz zastosowanie proponowanego nawozu na glebach lekkich o I i II stopniu zanieczyszczenia kadmem, cynkiem i ołowiem może obniżyć w bardzo wysokim stopniu mobilność metali w łańcuchu troficznym. Niższe efekty ograniczenia fitoprzyswajalności otrzymano dla niklu. Było to najprawdopodobniej związane z niewielką (naturalną) zawartością tego metalu w glebie.
The most important factors that influence the absorption of heavy metals by plants are: the whole content of metal in the soil, type of metal, reaction of the soil, the content of the organic substance and the clay fraction and species of a plant. On the light and acidic soils the basic procedure that limits the fitoabsorption of heavy metals is liming and the usage of traditional organic fertilizers. The source of organic matter in the soil can be also unconventional organic - mineral fertilizers which are produced from brown coil. The advantage of these fertilizers is relatively long-lasting improvement of physico-chemical properties of the soils in comparison with the traditional organic fertilizers. The aim of the conducted research was to determine the influence of fertilization, by means of brown coal and by means of organic mineral fertilizer which was produced from brown coal, on blocking of heavy metals in the soil. What is more, it has been tried to estimate which factor: appropriate fertilization or the selection of plant species has got the predominant influence on the migration of metals from the soil into plants. The vase experiment which was conducted with four plants using a diverse fertilization showed that taking heavy metals is mostly depended on the species of plant, and to a large extent on the applied fertilization. The highest results in the limitation of fitoabsorption of metals, from all types of fertilization that were applied in the vase experiment, were obtained after applying the fertilization by means of Rekulter in doses of 150 and 100 t/ha. The lowering of content of metals converting into the unit of dry matter of a plant was depended on the species of plant and type of metal. Bioaccumulation indices of cadmium and zinc for particular plants were in most cases much higher than their equivalents appointed for lead and nickel. Bioaccumulation indexes of the examined metals for lettuce and spinach were a few or even several times higher in comparison with their equivalents for radish and maize. The differences in absorption of heavy metals within one species of plant which came into being under the influence of diverse fertilization were lower/smaller than differences among particular species of plant. The obtained results let us state that appropriate selection of plants and the application of the suggested fertilizer on the light soils polluted by cadmium, zinc and lead may lower to a very high/ large extent the mobility of metals in the trophic chain.
