The hybrid processes based on membrane techniques

The lecture presents an idea of hybrid processes, combining different unit operations such as separation processes traditionally used in environmental protection with membrane separation techniques or different membrane techniques linked together. A membrane process is very often coupled with distillation, adsorption, ion-exchange, coagulation, bioconversion, catalysis, etc. The advantages of hybrid processes and examples of their application for chemical technology, water and wastewater treatment and food industry are presented. In most cases analysed, the hybrid processes offered potential savings in energy and the upgrading of the product quality.