Deviations in management-systems approach

The paper tries to complexly approach issues of deviations possible to appear on different levels of management and in different space-time aspects of organizational activity, also on the boundary between the institution and the external environment. It shows the most frequent causes of deviations and the role of controlling in their identification and in subsequent actions. It also indicates an important informative role of each deviation as a factor significantly influencing the efficiency and effectiveness of information, decision and motivation systems