Determination of the precise coordinates of points of setting - out grid

Setting-out grids are established during realization of engineering projects. These projects can cover small areas (like building sites of small structures), medium areas (big industrial plant or ring roads) or large areas, like in case of elongated setting-out control established for the purpose of highway or railway construction. In each of these cases different course of calculations should be performed. Some projects, especially those which concern the large objects, are drawed on detailed maps, prepared in deformated reference system in relation to reality. If the designer deals with engineer elements, like for instance, viaduct span of length of 100 meters, then he can not just plot it in the project with regard to map scale, but the distortion of length resulting the projection type, must also be taken into consideration. The geodesist (land surveyor) who determines given engineering elements from points of setting-out control has to regard deformations of length most often occurring in cartographic projections.