Tři „nové“ modifikační částice v češtině: schválně, normálně a jako

It is a common opinion that Czech modal particles evolved under the influence of the German language. Moreover, investigations of Czech modal particles are heavily Germanbased in the sense that they are intended to identify Czech equivalents of German particles. This article is an attempt to look at the Czech system of modal particles not primarily from the German perspective, but on the basis of a general theory of modal particles. This approach leads to the identification of three Czech particles, the modal functions of which have not yet been noticed. It turns out that they have no clear German equivalents. Therefore, it is likely that they did not evolve under German influence.