Techniki monitorowania zachowań terytorialnych i migracyjnych w badaniach etologicznych

Territorial and migratory behaviour in animals are a common object of study involving ethologists and behavioural biologists. Furthermore, information about number, dispersion, seasonal movements, survival and the main causes of death are essential from the view point of rational planning for endangered species protection. The diversity and richness of today’s techniques for monitoring animals leads to a difficulty in choosing a specific method. The main differences between these methods relates primarily to the costs of conducting research, accuracy of measurement, level of invasiveness, and range and level of difficulty of conducting observation. In addition, each of these techniques have advantages and disadvantages as well as indications to animal species studied. This paper reviews the most current and popular techniques of monitoring territorial and migratory behaviour in animals. The presented techniques are divided into two groups (invasive and non-invasive) and include: marking, radio telemetry, satellite telemetry, telemetry based on GSM system, Global Positioning System (GPS), molecular and chemical techniques, mathematical modeling, photo-identification, Noninvasive Genetic Sampling (NGS) and Footprint Identification Technique (FIT).