Maksymilian Rose – twórca cytoarchitektoniki mózgu

The article presents life and scientific output of Maksymilian Rose – an eminent Polish neuroanatomist and neuropathologist of the inter-war period. In the first period of activity he worked in Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Hirnforschung in Berlin, where was appointed to a post of head of Pathology Ward. In the years 1927–1929 he was an editor-in-chief of the renowned periodical Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, and in 1928 returned to Poland. Having been appointed to a professorship at Department and Mental Clinic in the University of Vilna in 1931, also managed the Institute for the Researches on Brain. He was an originator of the modern science of brain cytoarchitectonics. Probably, the searches in this field brought him about the greatest discovery – a description of the new partitioning of the cerebral cortex, which resulted from its ontogenetic (embryological) development and from its differentiated behaviour in different parts of primary parent coat and primary cortex coat. The foundations of the modern neurocytoarchitectonics of cerebral cortex especially were laid by two scientists: the most eminent Spanish neurobiologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Polish researcher – Maksymilian Rose. Constantin Economo and Karl Kleist considered him for the creator of science of fields' differentiation of cerebral cortex from histological point of view.