General Considerations about Currencies and Money Supply

This paper is an exploration of factors contributing to determinations of value and forms of currency. Among these are the market, corruption, dependence on civil society and centralized organization. Limits of policy regulation are opposed to natural business cycles; virtuous circulation of goods and services is contrasted with the value bubbles formed by the vicious cycles resulting from schemes corrupting the market-based flow of exchange as occurred in the financial collapse of 2008. Three variants to define oligarchy are cited to provide explanatory power for the contrived concentration and correlative loss of wealth enabled by the COVID-19 pandemic.