I kto tu jest realistą? Wokół braci Mackiewiczów, Rosji, komunizmu i Polski Ludowej

The article describes Josef and Stanislaw Mackiewicz’s, polish publicists, views on the problem of communism, its nature and origins. Main point of difference in their critiques of communism was connected with their views on the relation between communist state and Russian tradition. Stanislaw Mackiewicz after the end of the Second World War was changing his previous opinion and began to see Soviet Union as a new form of Russian imperialism. In this way he could renew the tradition of conservative political realism of Wielopolski. In 1956 r. Stanislaw Mackiewicz came back to Poland and started to act in order to widen polish autonomy in the circumstances of soviet domination. Josef Mackiewicz claimed that communism was a new form of political slavery and that there was no possibilities to act according to traditions of nineteenth century political realism. New dangerous form of political power of Soviet Union exclude any political compromise. In his opinion Soviet Union and its political orbits were no partner for political dialog but an ultimate enemy not only for slaved nations but whole human civilization.