Kazimierz Twardowski’s philosophy of education – attempting a reconstruction

The purpose of this article is to analyze and synthesize Kazimierz Twardowski’s ideas that belong to philosophy of education. The aim of education is “rational patriotism” – it should prepare “enlightened citizens” who not only love their country but also present some important features of character like discipline, hard work, sense of duty. Therefore upbringing becomes a central issue. Additionally, they should develop certain skills that serve prosperity of their nation like scientific thinking (propaedeutic of philosophy is vital subject at school) that are “levers of mental progress.” The aim was to be achieved on two entangled levels: by creation of a Polish national school and at an efficiently organized university, by well-prepared (didactics) and sage-like teachers (school and academic). Sources of his ideas can be found in his background; his encounter with Stoicism and Franz Brentano and his way of philosophizing. Clearness and precision of expression, profound analysis of concepts Twardowski applied in his social and pedagogical work as well as during theoretical considerations when distinguishing action and product of upbringing, and upbringing from education itself. His didactical success in creation of “an army of intellectuals” is a valuable proof of his ideas.