Ataki hybrydowe wobec Polski: analiza narzędzi i strategii Rosji

This article addresses the issue of contemporary hybrid attacks targeting Poland, a frontline state on NATO’s eastern flank. It analyzes the scope, nature, and mechanisms of these operations, which involve the coordinated use of both conventional and non-conventional instruments such as disinformation, cyberattacks, infrastructure sabotage, migration instrumentalization, and psychological warfare. Special attention is given to the Russian Federation, which systematically employs hybrid strategies as a tool of influence below the threshold of declared warfare. The paper explores the evolution of the concept of hybrid warfare, examining academic interpretations as well as definitions provided by the European Union and NATO. It argues that the primary objective of hybrid attacks is to destabilize state structures, erode institutional resilience, and incite social tension. The analysis highlights the urgent need to develop comprehensive defensive capabilities-military, cognitive, digital, and informational-that are essential for effectively countering hybrid aggression in today’s security environment.