Gwałtowne reakcje redoksowe - okiełznane

This popular-scientific account is focused on electron-transfer (redox) reactions, and on systems exhibiting mixed- or intermediate valence, in particular on chemically doped systems. Selected applications of such systems were presented together with the associated scientific and technological breakthroughts of the XX and XXI century. The novel theoretical concept of continuous doping (charge injection) was described based on spatial separation of oxidzers and reductor in the nanoscale. These novel systems were described in comparison with related electrochemical batteries, capacitors and n/p junctions.