Comparison of selected aspects of the technology transfer in Poland, Turkey, and Serbia

This paper provides insight into technology transfer offices while drawing comparisons among Poland, Turkey, and Serbia. It assesses the level of development achieved by each country in enhancing the activities of their technology transfer offices. This review employs a qualitative approach. Data were sourced from monographs, research papers, articles, and abstracts using electronic searches. Qualitative insights on TTO activities and objectives were obtained from relevant articles and government publications. The findings reveal notable disparities among these nations concerning their motivations for technology transfer, the consistency of their regulations, the industrial uptake of their innovations, and their overall objectives. The results show that Poland emerges as a leader in technology transfer, while Turkey faces budget constraints, relying primarily on government funding. In Serbia, fostering collaboration between local and international stakeholders is identified as vital to strengthening the performance of Serbian TTOs. This study advances the understanding of technology transfer offices by examining their activities, challenges, societal impact, and funding mechanisms in Poland, Turkey, and Serbia. By comparing these contexts, it enhances theoretical insights into factors influencing TTO effectiveness, offering valuable contributions to the field. Additionally, the study utilizes data on global innovation indexes and patent numbers from 2013 to 2020.The findings of this study offer practical insights for policymakers and stakeholders in technology transfer. By highlighting variations in TTO activities and challenges across Poland, Turkey, and Serbia.