Cervus canadensis and C. elaphus : North American subspecies and evaluation of clinal extremes

The distinctiveness of each extant North American subspecies of C. elaphus (Linnaeus, 1758) was tested using craniometric data. To provide a context for interpretation of these data, the distinctiveness of North American C. elaphus from Eurasian C. elaphus was reassessed from existing data and conclusions tested. Morphometric variations is size, shape, and sexual dimorphism of adult crania were analyzed using combined male-female and independent male and female principal component analyses.