Broad spectrum antibiotic enrofloxacin modulates contact sensitivity through gut microbiota in a murine model

Background: Medical advances in the field of infection therapy have led to an increasing use of antibiotics, which, apart from eliminating pathogens, also partially eliminate naturally existing commensal bacteria. It has become increasingly clear that less exposure to microbiota early in life may contribute to the observed rise in ‘‘immune-mediated’’ diseases, including autoimmunity and allergy. Objective: We sought to test whether the change of gut microbiota with the broad spectrum antibiotic enrofloxacin will modulate contact sensitivity (CS) in mice. Methods: Natural gut microbiota were modified by oral treatment with enrofloxacin prior to sensitization with trinitrophenyl chloride followed by CS testing. Finally, adoptive cell transfers were performed to characterize the regulatory cells that are induced by microbiota modification. Results: Oral treatment with enrofloxacin suppresses CS and production of anti–trinitrophenyl chloride IgG1 antibodies. Adoptive transfer experiments show that antibiotic administration favors induction of regulatory cells that suppress CS. Flow cytometry and adoptive transfer of purified cells show that antibiotic-induced suppression of CS is mediated by TCR ab1CD41CD251FoxP31 Treg, CD191B2201CD51 IL-101, IL101 Tr1, and IL-101 TCR gd1 cells. Treatment with the antibiotic induces dysbiosis characterized by increased proportion of Clostridium coccoides (cluster XIVa), C coccoides– Eubacterium rectale (cluster XIVab), Bacteroidetes, and Bifidobacterium spp, but decreased segmented filamentous bacteria. Transfer of antibiotic-modified gut microbiota inhibits CS, but this response can be restored through oral transfer of control gut bacteria to antibiotic-treated animals. Conclusions: Oral treatment with a broad spectrum antibiotic modifies gut microbiota composition and promotes antiinflammatory response, suggesting that manipulation of gut microbiota can be a powerful tool to modulate the course of CS.