Dwujęzyczność kognitywna

The paper makes a clear distinction between cognitive bilingualism and knowledge of two languages. The first term is embedded in the context of education, it can be measured and its development can be followed; the second is understood as mastering, but only partially, of one or both languages. Moreover, the article identifies subjective and objective factors that influence the perception of bilingualism and biculturalism, and emphasizes the ambiguity of the term first language, together with the essence of heritage language My considerations refer to Polish diaspora, and to situations where one of the languages is Polish and the other (the second/foreign one) is another European language.