Democratic innovations as a response to shrinking public space

This chapter looks at the phenomenon of shrinking public space for independent civil society groups in the region and innovative responses to it. We focus specifically on Poland and Hungary where governments have taken similar but often ineffective steps to restrict civic mobilization by their critics. The aim of the chapter is to better understand the ways activists have not only survived but have thrived under unfavorable conditions, raising public awareness of issues, and strengthening citizens' engagement and "voice". The two activist stories (from Poland and Hungary) that we present illustrate the adaptability and creativity of civic actors responding to the problem of shrinking public space.