Body image measured via the Fremantle Awareness Questionnaire in individuals with and without pain : a systematic review and meta-analysis

Research suggests that pain negatively affects body image, and body image may also influence reported pain levels. This review aims to summarize the literature on differences in body image distortion between individuals with pain compared to pain-free individuals. The review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 statement and an a priori preregistered protocol. The literature was searched using 5 electronic databases. Studies assessing body image with the Fremantle Awareness Questionnaire (FAQ) in individuals with and without pain were eligible for inclusion. Screening and selection of eligible studies were performed by independent reviewers. Methodological quality was assessed with the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool. Meta-analyses, meta-correlations, and metamean analyses were performed using random-effect models. The primary outcome was the FAQ score; secondary outcomes were reported pain variables. Data from individuals with pain (n = 2277) and without pain (n = 615) were summarized. Significant body image distortions were found in individuals with pain compared to individuals without pain. Compared to pain- free individuals, the pain group rated significantly higher in the FAQ when experiencing back pain (standardized mean differences = 1.33, 95% confidence interval = .88–1.77) or other body parts (standardized mean differences = 1.25, 95% confidence interval = .51–1.99). The results of meta-correlation analyses confirmed the positive relationship between body image distortion and pain intensity (r = .31), pain at rest (r = .31), or pain during movement (r = .36), but not for pain duration. A difference in mean FAQ results was observed between individuals with pain in different areas (knee and back). Perspective: This review confirms differences in body image distortion between pain and pain- free individuals. Pain intensity was correlated with altered body perception, but not pain duration. A moderate correlation was observed between body image distortion and reported pain variables. Body image was more impaired by knee pain than back pain.