Late Middle Paleolithic of Southern Poland: Radiocarbon dates from Ciemna and Obłazowa Caves

New radiocarbon dates are reported for Late Middle Paleolithic (MP) layers of Ciemna and Obłazowa Caves in Southern Poland. The sites present ethodological challenges for radiocarbon dating related to post-depositional mixing, materials preservation, and radiocarbon measurements near the detection limit. We describe strategies to address these issues, which allowed for estimation of the timing of lithostratigraphic layers. At Ciemna, bones associated with LateMP artifacts are older than 50 ka. At Obłazowa, bones associated with LateMP artifacts produced dates 50‐45 ka cal BP and a possible Szeletian phase occurred sometime 45‐39 ka cal BP. These new dates add to the regional chronology and strengthen the case that a number of distinct archaeological industries appeared in Southern Poland and Moravia during Marine Isotope Stage 3.