Mid-latitude mountains are dynamic environments, confronted with climate change and human land-use effects. Understanding how such human pressures affect the stability of soil organic matter (SOM) is crucial for predicting SOM dynamics and mitigating climate change. To contribute to a better understanding of the determinants of SOM stability in mid-latitude mountains we propose a conceptual hierarchical framework for the spatio-temporal variability of SOM preservation. Second, we review the literature on SOM stability in various related environmental contexts, including soil types typical of different altitudinal zones as well as specific intrazonal soils such as organic soils of mountain peatlands and soils developed on calcareous parent materials. We point out the existing knowledge gaps and contradictory research results in this area. Finally, we develop a framework for understanding the link between human pressure and SOM stability, including an in-depth analysis of the effects of tree species conversion, windthrows, land use and land cover change, fires, and soil erosion. We also indicate the need for a comprehensive, holistic approach to the study of SOM stability in mid-latitude mountains, taking into account the context of soil-forming processes.